Why was the Old Continent the most advanced throughout history?

There is actually a popular book that deals with this question in more general terms. The book is ‘Guns, Germs and Steel’ by Jared Diamond. It explains why civilization develops in some cases and not in others, and why there is often a drastic difference in development.

The primary factor that led to the predominance of the Eurasian continent is the very orientation of its axis: the horizontal axis ensured greater climatic uniformity than continents arranged along a vertical axis, such as the Americas and Africa, where the temperature difference prevented varieties of edible plants from spreading widely.

The presence of so many domesticated varieties of plants and animals with characteristics suitable for domestication, compared to, say, the African or American continents, was another advantage for the Eurasians, who, with their abundant availability of food, and especially protein (see the Australian aborigines, who practiced cannibalism mainly due to the lack of protein in their diet, which never made their population too large and led to their extinction), were able to increase their numbers markedly.

With farming methods becoming more and more efficient and the population increasing, it now has the opportunity to specialize, which leads to further technical development, perhaps making farming more efficient and able to feed more people and so on.